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(→‎Final Result Design & Optimization of Pressurized Hydrogen Storage)
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−
'''Material Safety Factors'''
+
'''Material Selection'''
  
−
AISI 304L stainless steel, which is a low-carbon variant of AISI 304, generally exhibits good compatibility with hydrogen in a variety of conditions. Here are some key points regarding the compatibility of AISI 304L with hydrogen:
+
Based on the type of material, hydrogen storage tank are divided into four types as shown in the following image. I have chosen the fourth type, which utilizes two different materials. For the outer material, I am using HDPE plastic, and for the inner material, I am using stainless steel AISI 304. The use of the fourth type is expected to be the most suitable for this design because the chosen materials are highly effective and efficient in their use.
  
−
1. Strength and Pressure
+
[[File:Types-of-Hydrogen-Storage-Tanks-1024x493.png|300px]]
  
−
The material strength and pressure ratings of AISI 304L stainless steel should be considered to ensure the tank can safely withstand the pressure generated by the hydrogen gas. The design should take into account factors such as the tensile strength, yield strength, and the specific design codes or standards that provide guidelines for pressure vessel design.
 
  
−
2.Fatigue Resistance
 
  
−
Hydrogen storage tanks may experience cyclic loading, such as during filling, emptying, or transportation. AISI 304L stainless steel generally exhibits good fatigue resistance. However, proper design considerations should be taken to account for cyclic loading, including the application of appropriate fatigue safety factors and consideration of potential stress concentrations.
+
'''High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)''' is a commonly used material for various applications, including hydrogen storage tanks. When designing a hydrogen storage tank using HDPE, several safety factors should be considered:
  
−
3. Corrosion Resistance
+
[[File:HDPE-pipe-2-300x200.jpg|200px|right]]
  
−
AISI 304L stainless steel offers excellent corrosion resistance in various environments, including hydrogen gas. It provides resistance to general corrosion and pitting corrosion, which is beneficial for hydrogen-related applications. However, in certain aggressive conditions, such as high-temperature hydrogen environments or hydrogen containing high levels of sulfur compounds, precautions should be taken as it may increase the risk of hydrogen embrittlement or other forms of corrosion.
+
1. Material Compatibility
 +
HDPE is known for its excellent chemical resistance, including resistance to hydrogen gas. However, it is important to verify the specific grade of HDPE being used and ensure its compatibility with hydrogen. The material supplier should provide information regarding the suitability of the HDPE grade for hydrogen storage.
 +
 
 +
2. Pressure Rating
 +
HDPE tanks must be designed to withstand the pressure generated by the stored hydrogen. The pressure rating of the HDPE material should be considered, along with the required safety factors, to ensure the tank's structural integrity. The design should conform to relevant standards or codes for pressure vessel design.
 +
 
 +
3. Temperature Considerations
 +
HDPE has a temperature limitation, and the operating temperature of the hydrogen storage tank should be within the specified range for the HDPE material. Elevated temperatures can affect the mechanical properties of HDPE, potentially reducing its strength and impact resistance. Adequate insulation or cooling measures may be required to maintain the temperature within the acceptable range.
  
 
4. Hydrogen Permeation
 
4. Hydrogen Permeation
 +
While HDPE is considered a barrier material, it is still necessary to consider the potential permeation of hydrogen through the material over time. HDPE is known to have relatively low permeability to hydrogen, but precautions should be taken to minimize the risk. This can include measures such as proper thickness of the HDPE walls and considering additional barrier layers or coatings, if required.
 +
 +
5. Stress Concentrations
 +
Care must be taken to avoid stress concentrations in the tank design, as they can lead to premature failure. Smooth transitions, rounded corners, and proper reinforcement in areas prone to stress concentration should be considered to distribute stresses and minimize the risk of failure.
 +
 +
6. Manufacturing and Welding
 +
If the HDPE tank requires welding or fabrication, it is essential to follow proper welding techniques and procedures specific to HDPE. Qualified welders should be employed, and welding inspections should be conducted to ensure the quality and integrity of the welds.
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''For inner material, we use stainless steel AISI 304'''
 +
 +
[[File:Download.jpg|200px|right]]
 +
 +
AISI 304 is a widely used stainless steel grade that offers excellent corrosion resistance, high durability, and good mechanical properties. It is commonly referred to as 18/8 stainless steel, as it contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel. AISI 304 is non-magnetic and exhibits good formability, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including food processing equipment, kitchen appliances, chemical containers, and architectural trim.
 +
 +
In terms of material safety, AISI 304 is considered to be a relatively safe material to use. Here are some key points regarding its safety:
 +
 +
Corrosion Resistance: AISI 304 stainless steel is highly resistant to corrosion in a variety of environments, including atmospheric conditions, freshwater, and mild chemical environments. This corrosion resistance helps prevent the release of harmful substances into the surroundings.
 +
 +
Non-Toxicity: AISI 304 stainless steel is non-toxic and does not leach any harmful substances into food or other materials it comes into contact with. This property makes it suitable for use in food processing and medical applications.
 +
 +
Hygiene: Due to its smooth surface finish, AISI 304 is easy to clean and maintain hygiene standards. It resists bacterial growth and is often used in environments where cleanliness is crucial, such as hospitals and kitchens.
 +
 +
Compatibility: AISI 304 is compatible with a wide range of materials and can safely interact with various chemicals, solvents, and cleaning agents without undergoing significant degradation or releasing harmful byproducts.
 +
 +
While AISI 304 stainless steel is generally safe, it's important to note that certain fabrication processes, such as welding or grinding, can release small particles or fumes that may be hazardous to health. Proper safety precautions, such as using personal protective equipment (PPE) and adequate ventilation, should be followed when working with or processing AISI 304 stainless steel to minimize any potential risks.
 +
 +
Overall, AISI 304 stainless steel is a widely used and safe material choice for many applications, thanks to its excellent corrosion resistance, non-toxicity, and hygienic properties. However, as with any material, it is essential to handle, process, and use it responsibly while adhering to appropriate safety guidelines.
 +
 +
 +
By combining HDPE and AIS 304 stainless steel, the hydrogen cylinder benefits from the chemical resistance and lightweight nature of HDPE, while the stainless steel inner layer provides corrosion resistance, strength, and temperature stability. This combination offers a well-rounded solution that takes advantage of the strengths of both materials.
 +
 +
 +
[[File:Strap-mounted-hydrogen-tank.png|400px|Sketch Ilustration of Hydrogen Storage Design]]
 +
 +
== Geometric Calculation ==
 +
 +
'''Outer Material (HDPE)'''
 +
 +
'''1. Thickness'''
 +
 +
 +
import math
 +
 +
def calculate_optimized_thickness(volume, pressure):
 +
    # Material properties of HDPE
 +
    yield_strength = 22  # MPa (Megapascal)
 +
    safety_factor = 2  # Safety factor for design
 +
   
 +
    # Conversion factors
 +
    mpa_to_bar = 10  # 1 MPa = 10 bar
 +
   
 +
    # Convert pressure to MPa
 +
    pressure_mpa = pressure / mpa_to_bar
 +
   
 +
    # Calculate optimized thickness
 +
    thickness = (volume * pressure_mpa) / (2 * math.pi * yield_strength * safety_factor)
 +
   
 +
    # Convert thickness to millimeters
 +
    thickness_mm = thickness * 1000
 +
   
 +
    return thickness_mm
 +
 +
  # Specify the volume and pressure
 +
  volume = 1  # Liter
 +
  pressure = 8  # bar
 +
 +
  # Calculate optimized thickness
 +
  optimized_thickness = calculate_optimized_thickness(volume, pressure)
 +
 +
  # Print the result
 +
  print(f"The optimized thickness of HDPE for {volume} liter capacity and {pressure} bar pressure is approximately
 +
  {optimized_thickness:.2f} mm.")
 +
 +
Based on calculation the minimum thickness get '''2.89 mm'''
 +
In this code, we assume a yield strength of 22 MPa for HDPE and use a safety factor of 2 for design purposes. The calculate_optimized_thickness function takes the volume and pressure as input and returns the optimized thickness in millimeters.
 +
 +
 +
'''2. Radius and Height'''
 +
 +
import math
 +
 +
def calculate_optimized_dimensions(volume, pressure):
 +
    # Material properties and safety factor for HDPE
 +
    yield_strength = 22  # MPa (Megapascal)
 +
    safety_factor = 2  # Safety factor for design
 +
   
 +
    # Conversion factors
 +
    mpa_to_bar = 10  # 1 MPa = 10 bar
 +
   
 +
    # Convert pressure to MPa
 +
    pressure_mpa = pressure / mpa_to_bar
 +
   
 +
    # Calculate the radius
 +
    radius = math.sqrt((volume * pressure_mpa) / (math.pi * yield_strength * safety_factor))
 +
   
 +
    # Calculate the height
 +
    height = 2 * radius
 +
   
 +
    # Convert radius and height to millimeters
 +
    radius_mm = radius * 1000
 +
    height_mm = height * 1000
 +
   
 +
    return height_mm, radius_mm
 +
 +
# Specify the volume and pressure
 +
volume = 1  # Liter
 +
pressure = 8  # bar
 +
 +
# Calculate optimized dimensions
 +
optimized_height, optimized_radius = calculate_optimized_dimensions(volume, pressure)
 +
 +
# Print the result
 +
print(f"The optimized height and diameter of the HDPE hydrogen storage vessel for {volume} liter capacity and {pressure} bar pressure are
 +
approximately {optimized_height:.2f} mm and {optimized_radius:.2f} mm, respectively.")
 +
 +
In this code, we calculate the radius of the vessel based on the volume and pressure using the formula derived from the cylinder volume equation. The height is then calculated as twice the radius. Both the height and radius are converted to millimeters for display purposes.
 +
Based on this calculation, the height and the radius are '''152.15 mm''' and '''76.08 mm'''
 +
 +
 +
'''3. The Surface Area of HDPE'''
 +
 +
import math
 +
 +
def calculate_surface_area(height, diameter, thickness):
 +
    # Convert dimensions to millimeters
 +
    height_mm = height
 +
    diameter_mm = diameter
 +
    thickness_mm = thickness
 +
   
 +
    # Calculate inner radius
 +
    radius_inner = (diameter_mm / 2) - thickness_mm
 +
   
 +
    # Calculate outer radius
 +
    radius_outer = diameter_mm / 2
 +
   
 +
    # Calculate surface area
 +
    area_inner = 2 * math.pi * radius_inner * height_mm
 +
    area_outer = 2 * math.pi * radius_outer * height_mm
 +
    area_top_bottom = math.pi * (radius_outer**2 - radius_inner**2)
 +
   
 +
    total_surface_area = area_inner + area_outer + area_top_bottom
 +
   
 +
    return total_surface_area
 +
 +
# Specify the dimensions in millimeters
 +
height = 152.15
 +
diameter = 76.08
 +
thickness = 2.89
 +
 +
# Calculate the surface area
 +
surface_area = calculate_surface_area(height, diameter, thickness)
 +
 +
# Print the result
 +
print(f"The surface area of the cylindrical vessel is approximately {surface_area:.2f} square millimeters.")
 +
 +
 +
In this code, the calculate_surface_area function takes the height, diameter, and thickness as input. It converts the dimensions to meters and then calculates the inner and outer radii. The surface area is calculated by considering the cylindrical sides, top, and bottom of the vessel. The total surface area is the sum of the areas of the inner and outer cylindrical surfaces and the top and bottom circular surfaces. Based on this calculation, the minimal surface area is '''70633.17 mm^2''' or '''706.3317 cm^2'''
 +
 +
 +
'''Inner Material (AISI 304)'''
 +
 +
'''1. Thickness'''
 +
 +
import math
 +
 +
def calculate_optimized_thickness(volume, pressure):
 +
    # Material properties of mild steel
 +
    yield_strength = 250  # MPa (Megapascal)
 +
    safety_factor = 3  # Safety factor for design
 +
   
 +
    # Conversion factors
 +
    mpa_to_bar = 10  # 1 MPa = 10 bar
 +
   
 +
    # Convert pressure to MPa
 +
    pressure_mpa = pressure / mpa_to_bar
 +
   
 +
    # Calculate optimized thickness
 +
    thickness = (volume * pressure_mpa) / (2 * math.pi * yield_strength * safety_factor)
 +
   
 +
    # Convert thickness to millimeters
 +
    thickness_mm = thickness * 1000
 +
   
 +
    return thickness_mm
 +
 +
# Specify the volume and pressure
 +
volume = 1  # Liter
 +
pressure = 8  # bar
 +
 +
# Calculate optimized thickness
 +
optimized_thickness = calculate_optimized_thickness(volume, pressure)
 +
 +
# Print the result
 +
print(f"The optimized thickness of mild steel for {volume} liter capacity and {pressure} bar pressure is approximately
 +
{optimized_thickness:.2f} mm.")
 +
 +
 +
In this code, we assume a yield strength of 250 MPa for stainless steel and use a safety factor of 3 for design purposes. The calculate_optimized_thickness function takes the volume and pressure as input and returns the optimized thickness in millimeters. Based on this calculation, the thickness of AISI 304 is '''0.20 mm'''
 +
 +
 +
'''2. Radius and Height of AISI 304'''
 +
 +
Inner Height = 152.15 mm - 2.89 mm = '''149.26 mm'''
 +
 +
Inner Radius = 76.08 mm -2 .89 mm = '''73.19 mm'''
 +
 +
 +
'''3. The Surface Area'''
 +
 +
import math
 +
 +
def calculate_surface_area(height, diameter, thickness):
 +
    # Convert dimensions to millimeters
 +
    height_mm = height
 +
    diameter_mm = diameter
 +
    thickness_mm = thickness
 +
   
 +
    # Calculate inner radius
 +
    radius_inner = (diameter_mm / 2) - thickness_mm
 +
   
 +
    # Calculate outer radius
 +
    radius_outer = diameter_mm / 2
 +
   
 +
    # Calculate surface area
 +
    area_inner = 2 * math.pi * radius_inner * height_mm
 +
    area_outer = 2 * math.pi * radius_outer * height_mm
 +
    area_top_bottom = math.pi * (radius_outer**2 - radius_inner**2)
 +
   
 +
    total_surface_area = area_inner + area_outer + area_top_bottom
 +
   
 +
    return total_surface_area
  
−
Similar to other stainless steels, AISI 304L has relatively low permeability to hydrogen. While it can restrict the flow of hydrogen, it is still important to consider the potential for hydrogen permeation over time. Proper design considerations, including material thickness, welding techniques, and surface treatments, should be implemented to minimize the risk of hydrogen permeation in critical applications.
+
# Specify the dimensions in millimeters
 +
height = 149.26
 +
diameter = 73.218
 +
thickness = 0.2
  
−
5. Temperature Considerations
+
# Calculate the surface area
 +
surface_area = calculate_surface_area(height, diameter, thickness)
  
−
AISI 304L stainless steel retains its corrosion resistance and mechanical properties at both low and high temperatures. However, at elevated temperatures above 300-400°C, sensitization can occur, potentially reducing its corrosion resistance. In hydrogen environments, high-temperature exposure may increase the susceptibility to hydrogen-assisted cracking or embrittlement. Therefore, operating conditions, including temperature, should be carefully considered when utilizing AISI 304L in hydrogen-related applications.
+
# Print the result
 +
print(f"The surface area of the cylindrical vessel is approximately {surface_area:.2f} square millimeters.")
  
−
6. Weld Integrity
 
  
−
Hydrogen storage tanks are typically fabricated by welding. It is important to ensure proper welding techniques and procedures are followed to maintain the integrity of the welded joints. Adequate welding qualifications, inspections, and non-destructive testing can help ensure the quality of the welds and minimize the risk of defects or failure.
+
The surface area of the cylindrical vessel is approximately 68484.19 square millimeters or '''684.8419 cm^2'''
  
 +
== Cost Calculation ==
  
−
'''The Calculation'''
+
The inner surface area with Stainless Steel AISI 304 material = 684.8419 cm^2
  
−
from scipy.optimize import minimize
+
The outer surface area with HDPE material = 706.3317 cm^2
  
−
  # Fungsi tujuan yang ingin kita maksimalkan
+
Based on marketplace (Tokopedia), the price of AISI 304 material 3 mm x 330 mm x 330 mm or 326700 mm^2 is Rp 423.000,-
−
    def objective(x):
+
So, the cost for 68484.19  mm^2 is '''Rp 88.670,-'''
−
    return -x[0]  # Maksimalkan volume hydrogen
 
  
−
  # Batasan tekanan
+
Based on marketplace (Tokopedia), the price of HDPE material 0.3 cm x 100 cm x 200 cm or 6000 cm^2 is Rp 550.000,-
−
    def pressure_constraint(x):
+
So, the cost for 706.3317  cm^2 is '''Rp 64.747,-'''
−
    volume = x[0]
 
−
    pressure = x[1]
 
−
    return pressure - 8  # Tekanan harus sama dengan atau kurang dari 8 bar
 
  
−
  # Batasan volume
+
Based on marketplace (Tokopedia), the price of Air Compressor Regulator Valve 1/4" Pressure Gauge 140psi (8 bar) is Rp 99.961,-
−
    def volume_constraint(x):
 
−
    volume = x[0]
 
−
    pressure = x[1]
 
−
    return volume - 1  # Volume harus sama dengan atau kurang dari 1 liter
 
  
−
  # Batasan batas harga
 
−
    def cost_constraint(x):
 
−
    volume = x[0]
 
−
    pressure = x[1]
 
−
    cost = 200000 + 500000 * (volume - 1) + 300000 * (pressure - 8)
 
−
    return 500000 - cost  # Total biaya harus kurang dari atau sama dengan Rp 500.000,-
 
  
−
  # Initial guess
+
The total cost to manufactured hydrogen storage tank is '''Rp 253.378,-'''
−
  x0 = [0.5, 6]  # [Volume, Tekanan]
 
  
−
  # Batasan
 
−
  constraints = [{'type': 'ineq', 'fun': pressure_constraint},
 
−
              {'type': 'ineq', 'fun': volume_constraint},
 
−
              {'type': 'ineq', 'fun': cost_constraint}]
 
  
−
  # Optimisasi
+
== Final Presentation ==
−
  result = minimize(objective, x0, constraints=constraints)
 
  
−
  # Print hasil optimisasi
+
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3RwO0WDIL4| Watch Here!]
−
  print("Status:", result.success)
 
−
  print("Volume Optimal (liter):", result.x[0])
 
−
  print("Tekanan Optimal (bar):", result.x[1])
 

Latest revision as of 18:20, 15 June 2023

Introduction

Halo!

Perkenalkan, nama saya Ayudya Arindari Murahardjo, akrab disapa Arin. Saya merupakan mahasiswa semester 4 Program Studi Teknik Perkapalan Universitas Indonesia.

Resume Pertemuan 1 (26/5/2023)

Pada pertemuan pertama mata kuliah Metode Numerik, saya belajar mengenai pemahaman tentang "cosciousness", yakni semua orang harus memiliki kesadaran dalam melakukan segala sesuatu termasuk mempelajari Metode Numerik. Terdapat study case pada pertemuan pertama, yaitu mahasiswa diminta untuk menyelesaikan persamaan (x-1)^2/x-1 jika x=1. Pada hal ini, tidak terdapat jawaban yang mutlak atau eksak (1 solusi) karena pada hakikatnya di dalam dunia ini tidak terdapat suatu hal yang pasti.

Semakin kita dewasa, kita semakin kian mengerti akan arti hidup ini, begitu juga dengan kepercayaan yang selama ini kita anut. Mungkin sebagian besar orang memiliki pemahaman yang mereka yakini itu benar dan tidak ada salahnya memilih jalan hidup masing-masing selagi kita tetap "conscious"

Design & Optimization of Pressurized Hydrogen Storage

Design & optimization of pressurized hydrogen storage with maximum cost Rp 500.000,-

Capacity

Volume : 1 liter

Pressure : 8 bar

WEEK 1 PROGRESS

Designing and optimizing a pressurized hydrogen storage system with a 1-liter capacity and 8-bar pressure within a budget of Rp 500.000,- involves careful consideration of materials, dimensions, and cost optimization. Here's a design and optimization approach:

Material Selection

To meet the budget constraint, consider using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as the material for the storage system. HDPE is cost-effective and offers good chemical resistance.

Container Design

Shape: Design a cylindrical container, as it is a common and practical shape for pressurized storage. Dimensions: Determine the container dimensions based on the desired volume and pressure. The container's volume is fixed at 1 liter, and the pressure is 8 bar.

Wall Thickness: Calculate the required wall thickness using the Barlow's formula: t = (P * D) / (2 * S), where P is the pressure (8 bar), D is the diameter of the container, and S is the allowable stress for HDPE. Ensure the calculated wall thickness is within the manufacturing capabilities and budget constraints.

Optimization Strategies

Material Cost: Compare prices from different HDPE suppliers to select the most cost-effective option. Manufacturing Process: Consider extrusion or injection molding processes for HDPE container fabrication, as they can be cost-effective for producing cylindrical shapes.

Size Optimization: Optimize the dimensions of the container to minimize material usage and manufacturing costs while still meeting the required volume and pressure specifications. This can be achieved by adjusting the diameter and height of the container.

Safety Considerations: Incorporate safety features into the design, such as pressure relief devices and adherence to safety standards and regulations for hydrogen storage.


Final Result Design & Optimization of Pressurized Hydrogen Storage

Fundamental Steps

To calculate the design of an optimal hydrogen storage tube with a 1-liter volume and 8-bar pressure specification, we can follow these steps:

1. Determine the desired dimensions: Since the volume and pressure specifications are given, the next step is to calculate the dimensions of the storage tube.

2. Convert the volume to cubic meters: 1 liter is equal to 0.001 cubic meters.

3. Convert the pressure to pascals: 1 bar is equal to 100,000 pascals.

4. Apply the ideal gas law: The ideal gas law equation, PV = nRT, can be used to calculate the volume of the storage tube. However, we need additional information such as the number of moles of hydrogen (n) and the temperature (T) to proceed with the calculation. Without this information, we cannot determine the exact dimensions of the storage tube.

5. Consider the material and safety factors: Once you have the necessary dimensions, you will need to select a suitable material that can withstand the pressure and store hydrogen safely. Materials such as high-strength steel or composite materials may be considered.


Material Selection

Based on the type of material, hydrogen storage tank are divided into four types as shown in the following image. I have chosen the fourth type, which utilizes two different materials. For the outer material, I am using HDPE plastic, and for the inner material, I am using stainless steel AISI 304. The use of the fourth type is expected to be the most suitable for this design because the chosen materials are highly effective and efficient in their use.

Types-of-Hydrogen-Storage-Tanks-1024x493.png


High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a commonly used material for various applications, including hydrogen storage tanks. When designing a hydrogen storage tank using HDPE, several safety factors should be considered:

HDPE-pipe-2-300x200.jpg

1. Material Compatibility HDPE is known for its excellent chemical resistance, including resistance to hydrogen gas. However, it is important to verify the specific grade of HDPE being used and ensure its compatibility with hydrogen. The material supplier should provide information regarding the suitability of the HDPE grade for hydrogen storage.

2. Pressure Rating HDPE tanks must be designed to withstand the pressure generated by the stored hydrogen. The pressure rating of the HDPE material should be considered, along with the required safety factors, to ensure the tank's structural integrity. The design should conform to relevant standards or codes for pressure vessel design.

3. Temperature Considerations HDPE has a temperature limitation, and the operating temperature of the hydrogen storage tank should be within the specified range for the HDPE material. Elevated temperatures can affect the mechanical properties of HDPE, potentially reducing its strength and impact resistance. Adequate insulation or cooling measures may be required to maintain the temperature within the acceptable range.

4. Hydrogen Permeation While HDPE is considered a barrier material, it is still necessary to consider the potential permeation of hydrogen through the material over time. HDPE is known to have relatively low permeability to hydrogen, but precautions should be taken to minimize the risk. This can include measures such as proper thickness of the HDPE walls and considering additional barrier layers or coatings, if required.

5. Stress Concentrations Care must be taken to avoid stress concentrations in the tank design, as they can lead to premature failure. Smooth transitions, rounded corners, and proper reinforcement in areas prone to stress concentration should be considered to distribute stresses and minimize the risk of failure.

6. Manufacturing and Welding If the HDPE tank requires welding or fabrication, it is essential to follow proper welding techniques and procedures specific to HDPE. Qualified welders should be employed, and welding inspections should be conducted to ensure the quality and integrity of the welds.


For inner material, we use stainless steel AISI 304

Download.jpg

AISI 304 is a widely used stainless steel grade that offers excellent corrosion resistance, high durability, and good mechanical properties. It is commonly referred to as 18/8 stainless steel, as it contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel. AISI 304 is non-magnetic and exhibits good formability, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including food processing equipment, kitchen appliances, chemical containers, and architectural trim.

In terms of material safety, AISI 304 is considered to be a relatively safe material to use. Here are some key points regarding its safety:

Corrosion Resistance: AISI 304 stainless steel is highly resistant to corrosion in a variety of environments, including atmospheric conditions, freshwater, and mild chemical environments. This corrosion resistance helps prevent the release of harmful substances into the surroundings.

Non-Toxicity: AISI 304 stainless steel is non-toxic and does not leach any harmful substances into food or other materials it comes into contact with. This property makes it suitable for use in food processing and medical applications.

Hygiene: Due to its smooth surface finish, AISI 304 is easy to clean and maintain hygiene standards. It resists bacterial growth and is often used in environments where cleanliness is crucial, such as hospitals and kitchens.

Compatibility: AISI 304 is compatible with a wide range of materials and can safely interact with various chemicals, solvents, and cleaning agents without undergoing significant degradation or releasing harmful byproducts.

While AISI 304 stainless steel is generally safe, it's important to note that certain fabrication processes, such as welding or grinding, can release small particles or fumes that may be hazardous to health. Proper safety precautions, such as using personal protective equipment (PPE) and adequate ventilation, should be followed when working with or processing AISI 304 stainless steel to minimize any potential risks.

Overall, AISI 304 stainless steel is a widely used and safe material choice for many applications, thanks to its excellent corrosion resistance, non-toxicity, and hygienic properties. However, as with any material, it is essential to handle, process, and use it responsibly while adhering to appropriate safety guidelines.


By combining HDPE and AIS 304 stainless steel, the hydrogen cylinder benefits from the chemical resistance and lightweight nature of HDPE, while the stainless steel inner layer provides corrosion resistance, strength, and temperature stability. This combination offers a well-rounded solution that takes advantage of the strengths of both materials.


Sketch Ilustration of Hydrogen Storage Design

Geometric Calculation

Outer Material (HDPE)

1. Thickness 


import math

def calculate_optimized_thickness(volume, pressure):
   # Material properties of HDPE
   yield_strength = 22  # MPa (Megapascal)
   safety_factor = 2  # Safety factor for design
   
   # Conversion factors
   mpa_to_bar = 10  # 1 MPa = 10 bar
   
   # Convert pressure to MPa
   pressure_mpa = pressure / mpa_to_bar
   
   # Calculate optimized thickness
   thickness = (volume * pressure_mpa) / (2 * math.pi * yield_strength * safety_factor)
   
   # Convert thickness to millimeters
   thickness_mm = thickness * 1000
   
   return thickness_mm

 # Specify the volume and pressure
 volume = 1  # Liter
 pressure = 8  # bar

 # Calculate optimized thickness
 optimized_thickness = calculate_optimized_thickness(volume, pressure)

 # Print the result
 print(f"The optimized thickness of HDPE for {volume} liter capacity and {pressure} bar pressure is approximately 
 {optimized_thickness:.2f} mm.")

Based on calculation the minimum thickness get 2.89 mm In this code, we assume a yield strength of 22 MPa for HDPE and use a safety factor of 2 for design purposes. The calculate_optimized_thickness function takes the volume and pressure as input and returns the optimized thickness in millimeters.


2. Radius and Height 

import math

def calculate_optimized_dimensions(volume, pressure):
   # Material properties and safety factor for HDPE
   yield_strength = 22  # MPa (Megapascal)
   safety_factor = 2  # Safety factor for design
   
   # Conversion factors
   mpa_to_bar = 10  # 1 MPa = 10 bar
   
   # Convert pressure to MPa
   pressure_mpa = pressure / mpa_to_bar
   
   # Calculate the radius
   radius = math.sqrt((volume * pressure_mpa) / (math.pi * yield_strength * safety_factor))
   
   # Calculate the height
   height = 2 * radius
   
   # Convert radius and height to millimeters
   radius_mm = radius * 1000
   height_mm = height * 1000
   
   return height_mm, radius_mm

# Specify the volume and pressure
volume = 1  # Liter
pressure = 8  # bar

# Calculate optimized dimensions
optimized_height, optimized_radius = calculate_optimized_dimensions(volume, pressure)

# Print the result
print(f"The optimized height and diameter of the HDPE hydrogen storage vessel for {volume} liter capacity and {pressure} bar pressure are 
approximately {optimized_height:.2f} mm and {optimized_radius:.2f} mm, respectively.")

In this code, we calculate the radius of the vessel based on the volume and pressure using the formula derived from the cylinder volume equation. The height is then calculated as twice the radius. Both the height and radius are converted to millimeters for display purposes. Based on this calculation, the height and the radius are 152.15 mm and 76.08 mm


3. The Surface Area of HDPE 

import math

def calculate_surface_area(height, diameter, thickness):
   # Convert dimensions to millimeters
   height_mm = height
   diameter_mm = diameter
   thickness_mm = thickness
   
   # Calculate inner radius
   radius_inner = (diameter_mm / 2) - thickness_mm
   
   # Calculate outer radius
   radius_outer = diameter_mm / 2
   
   # Calculate surface area
   area_inner = 2 * math.pi * radius_inner * height_mm
   area_outer = 2 * math.pi * radius_outer * height_mm
   area_top_bottom = math.pi * (radius_outer**2 - radius_inner**2)
   
   total_surface_area = area_inner + area_outer + area_top_bottom
   
   return total_surface_area

# Specify the dimensions in millimeters
height = 152.15
diameter = 76.08
thickness = 2.89

# Calculate the surface area
surface_area = calculate_surface_area(height, diameter, thickness)

# Print the result
print(f"The surface area of the cylindrical vessel is approximately {surface_area:.2f} square millimeters.")


In this code, the calculate_surface_area function takes the height, diameter, and thickness as input. It converts the dimensions to meters and then calculates the inner and outer radii. The surface area is calculated by considering the cylindrical sides, top, and bottom of the vessel. The total surface area is the sum of the areas of the inner and outer cylindrical surfaces and the top and bottom circular surfaces. Based on this calculation, the minimal surface area is 70633.17 mm^2 or 706.3317 cm^2


Inner Material (AISI 304)

1. Thickness 

import math

def calculate_optimized_thickness(volume, pressure):
   # Material properties of mild steel
   yield_strength = 250  # MPa (Megapascal)
   safety_factor = 3  # Safety factor for design
   
   # Conversion factors
   mpa_to_bar = 10  # 1 MPa = 10 bar
   
   # Convert pressure to MPa
   pressure_mpa = pressure / mpa_to_bar
   
   # Calculate optimized thickness
   thickness = (volume * pressure_mpa) / (2 * math.pi * yield_strength * safety_factor)
   
   # Convert thickness to millimeters
   thickness_mm = thickness * 1000
   
   return thickness_mm

# Specify the volume and pressure
volume = 1  # Liter
pressure = 8  # bar

# Calculate optimized thickness
optimized_thickness = calculate_optimized_thickness(volume, pressure)

# Print the result
print(f"The optimized thickness of mild steel for {volume} liter capacity and {pressure} bar pressure is approximately 
{optimized_thickness:.2f} mm.")


In this code, we assume a yield strength of 250 MPa for stainless steel and use a safety factor of 3 for design purposes. The calculate_optimized_thickness function takes the volume and pressure as input and returns the optimized thickness in millimeters. Based on this calculation, the thickness of AISI 304 is 0.20 mm


2. Radius and Height of AISI 304

Inner Height = 152.15 mm - 2.89 mm = 149.26 mm

Inner Radius = 76.08 mm -2 .89 mm = 73.19 mm


3. The Surface Area 

import math

def calculate_surface_area(height, diameter, thickness):
   # Convert dimensions to millimeters
   height_mm = height
   diameter_mm = diameter
   thickness_mm = thickness
   
   # Calculate inner radius
   radius_inner = (diameter_mm / 2) - thickness_mm
   
   # Calculate outer radius
   radius_outer = diameter_mm / 2
   
   # Calculate surface area
   area_inner = 2 * math.pi * radius_inner * height_mm
   area_outer = 2 * math.pi * radius_outer * height_mm
   area_top_bottom = math.pi * (radius_outer**2 - radius_inner**2)
   
   total_surface_area = area_inner + area_outer + area_top_bottom
   
   return total_surface_area

# Specify the dimensions in millimeters
height = 149.26
diameter = 73.218
thickness = 0.2 

# Calculate the surface area
surface_area = calculate_surface_area(height, diameter, thickness)

# Print the result
print(f"The surface area of the cylindrical vessel is approximately {surface_area:.2f} square millimeters.")


The surface area of the cylindrical vessel is approximately 68484.19 square millimeters or 684.8419 cm^2

Cost Calculation

The inner surface area with Stainless Steel AISI 304 material = 684.8419 cm^2

The outer surface area with HDPE material = 706.3317 cm^2

Based on marketplace (Tokopedia), the price of AISI 304 material 3 mm x 330 mm x 330 mm or 326700 mm^2 is Rp 423.000,- So, the cost for 68484.19 mm^2 is Rp 88.670,-

Based on marketplace (Tokopedia), the price of HDPE material 0.3 cm x 100 cm x 200 cm or 6000 cm^2 is Rp 550.000,- So, the cost for 706.3317 cm^2 is Rp 64.747,-

Based on marketplace (Tokopedia), the price of Air Compressor Regulator Valve 1/4" Pressure Gauge 140psi (8 bar) is Rp 99.961,-


The total cost to manufactured hydrogen storage tank is Rp 253.378,-


Final Presentation

Watch Here!

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