Difference between revisions of "Tugas Praktik Pengukuran Tekanan"

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'''1. Why can the analog manometer needle move?'''
 
'''1. Why can the analog manometer needle move?'''
  
The analog manometer uses a mechanical mechanism to measure pressure, where the pressure measurement is indicated by the position of a needle on a dial. The needle is connected to a bourdon tube or a diaphragm that deflects when pressure is applied, causing the needle to move.
+
An analog manometer is a device used to measure pressure, often in industrial or scientific applications. The manometer consists of a U-shaped tube filled with a liquid, typically mercury or a colored fluid. When pressure is applied to one end of the tube, the liquid in the tube moves to the other end, causing the level of the liquid to rise on one side and fall on the other.
  
In a bourdon tube type analog manometer, the bourdon tube is a flattened, coiled tube that is sealed at one end and connected to the pressure source at the other end. When pressure is applied to the bourdon tube, it attempts to straighten out, which causes the tube to uncoil. The movement of the tube is then translated to the movement of a link that moves the needle on the dial. The amount of deflection of the bourdon tube is proportional to the pressure being measured, which is indicated by the position of the needle on the dial.
+
The movement of the liquid in the manometer causes the needle to move. The needle is connected to a mechanical linkage that is attached to the liquid in the manometer. As the liquid moves, the mechanical linkage moves, causing the needle to move along with it. This movement of the needle provides a visual indication of the pressure being measured.
  
In a diaphragm type analog manometer, the diaphragm is a thin, flexible membrane that is sealed around the edges and connected to the pressure source at the center. When pressure is applied to the diaphragm, it deflects, causing a movement of a link that moves the needle on the dial. The amount of deflection of the diaphragm is proportional to the pressure being measured, which is indicated by the position of the needle on the dial.
+
The movement of the needle in an analog manometer is dependent on the pressure applied to the tube and the physical properties of the liquid in the tube. The greater the pressure applied to the tube, the greater the movement of the liquid and the needle. Similarly, the physical properties of the liquid, such as its density and viscosity, can also affect the movement of the needle.
  
Therefore, the analog manometer needle can move because it is connected to a mechanism, such as a bourdon tube or a diaphragm, that deflects when pressure is applied. The deflection of the mechanism is proportional to the pressure being measured, which is indicated by the position of the needle on the dial.
+
Overall, the movement of the needle in an analog manometer is a result of the transfer of pressure from the source being measured to the liquid in the U-shaped tube, and ultimately to the mechanical linkage that moves the needle.
  
  
 
'''2. How the movement of the needle represents pressure?'''
 
'''2. How the movement of the needle represents pressure?'''
  
The movement of the needle in an analog manometer represents pressure because the position of the needle on the dial is directly proportional to the pressure being measured. The analog manometer is calibrated in such a way that the position of the needle corresponds to a specific pressure reading.
+
The movement of the needle in an analog manometer represents pressure because the pressure applied to one end of the U-shaped tube is transmitted through the liquid in the tube and exerts a force on the surface of the liquid. This force is distributed equally in all directions and is transmitted to the other end of the tube, causing the liquid level to rise on one side and fall on the other.
  
In a bourdon tube or diaphragm type analog manometer, the deflection of the bourdon tube or diaphragm is proportional to the pressure being measured. The deflection of the mechanism is then translated into the movement of the needle on the dial, which is calibrated to provide a direct reading of the pressure being measured. For example, if the range of a particular analog manometer is 0-100 psi, and the pressure being measured is 50 psi, the needle will be positioned at the center of the dial, indicating a pressure reading of 50 psi. If the pressure being measured is increased to 75 psi, the needle will move further to the right, indicating a pressure reading of 75 psi. Conversely, if the pressure being measured is reduced to 25 psi, the needle will move to the left, indicating a pressure reading of 25 psi.
+
The height difference between the two sides of the U-shaped tube represents the difference in pressure between the two points being measured. This difference in height is directly proportional to the pressure difference, according to the principles of hydrostatics.
  
Therefore, the movement of the needle in an analog manometer represents pressure because the position of the needle on the dial is directly proportional to the pressure being measured, and the dial is calibrated to provide accurate pressure readings.
+
The movement of the needle in the analog manometer is then used to indicate the difference in height of the liquid levels in the U-shaped tube, and hence the pressure difference being measured. A calibrated scale is usually provided on the face of the manometer to allow for direct reading of the pressure difference from the position of the needle on the scale.
 +
 
 +
Overall, the movement of the needle in an analog manometer provides a visual indication of the pressure being measured by converting the pressure difference into a visible height difference of the liquid levels in the U-shaped tube.
  
  
 
'''3. What happens if the water is replaced with another fluid?'''
 
'''3. What happens if the water is replaced with another fluid?'''
  
If the water in a U-tube manometer is replaced with another fluid, such as oil or mercury, the specific gravity or density of the fluid will affect the amount of deflection of the fluid column in the manometer. This is because the deflection of the fluid column is determined by the pressure difference between the two arms of the U-tube and the weight of the fluid column itself.
+
The behavior of an analog manometer depends on the properties of the fluid used to fill the U-shaped tube. If the water in the manometer is replaced with another fluid, such as oil or mercury, the behavior of the manometer will change.
  
The pressure difference between the two arms of the U-tube manometer is determined by the pressure difference between the two points being measured. However, the weight of the fluid column is determined by the density and height of the fluid column.
+
The most important property of the fluid used in a manometer is its density. The density of the fluid determines the amount of pressure required to move the fluid and hence the sensitivity of the manometer. A more dense fluid will require less pressure to move and hence will result in a more sensitive manometer.
  
For example, if the U-tube manometer is filled with oil instead of water, the oil column will deflect less than the water column for the same pressure difference. This is because oil has a lower specific gravity than water, meaning it has less weight for the same volume. Therefore, the height of the oil column must be greater than the height of the water column to produce the same pressure difference.
+
Another important property of the fluid is its viscosity, which determines the rate at which the fluid flows in the tube. A more viscous fluid will flow more slowly and hence will result in a slower response time for the manometer.
  
On the other hand, if the U-tube manometer is filled with mercury instead of water, the mercury column will deflect more than the water column for the same pressure difference. This is because mercury has a higher specific gravity than water, meaning it has more weight for the same volume. Therefore, the height of the mercury column can be lower than the height of the water column to produce the same pressure difference.
+
In addition to density and viscosity, the surface tension and other properties of the fluid can also affect the behavior of the manometer.
  
In summary, the replacement of water with another fluid in a U-tube manometer will affect the amount of deflection of the fluid column, and the height of the fluid column will be determined by the specific gravity or density of the fluid being used.
+
Therefore, if the water in the manometer is replaced with another fluid, the sensitivity, response time, and other characteristics of the manometer will be affected. The calibration of the manometer will also need to be adjusted to account for the different properties of the new fluid.
  
  
 
'''4. What kind of fluids can be measured using a manometer?'''
 
'''4. What kind of fluids can be measured using a manometer?'''
  
A manometer can be used to measure the pressure of a wide range of fluids, including gases and liquids. The choice of fluid to be measured depends on the application and the pressure range being measured.
+
A manometer can be used to measure a wide range of fluids, including liquids and gases. The choice of fluid depends on the application and the pressure range being measured.  
  
 
Some common fluids that can be measured using a manometer include:
 
Some common fluids that can be measured using a manometer include:
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Manometers can be used to measure the pressure of oil and other fluids in a wide range of industrial applications, such as chemical processing, power generation, and manufacturing.
 
Manometers can be used to measure the pressure of oil and other fluids in a wide range of industrial applications, such as chemical processing, power generation, and manufacturing.
  
The choice of fluid will depend on the specific application, and the type of manometer used will also vary depending on the fluid being measured and the required accuracy and precision of the pressure measurement. For example, some manometers are designed to measure low-pressure gases, while others are designed to measure high-pressure liquids.
+
Overall, the choice of fluid depends on the application, the range of pressure being measured, and the required sensitivity and response time. The properties of the fluid used in a manometer will determine the sensitivity, range, and accuracy of the pressure measurement.

Revision as of 22:53, 5 March 2023

Pada Sabtu, 4 Maret 2023, saya dan teman-teman kelas Mekaniks Fluida Dasar - 02 mengunjungi lab CCIT di Kukusan. Di sini, kami mempelajari alat pengukur tekanan, seperti manometer analog, manometer U dan pressure transducer


Prinsip Kerja Manometer Analog, Manometer U dan Pressure Transducer

a). Manometer Analog

Alat pengukur tekanan yang menggunakan prinsip fluida hidrostatis. Prinsip kerjanya didasarkan pada perbedaan tinggi kolom cairan di dalam tabung yang terbentuk oleh tekanan hidrostatik yang bekerja pada kedua ujung tabung. Manometer analog terdiri dari tabung yang berisi cairan (biasanya air atau air raksa), sebuah skala pengukuran, dan dua buah selang untuk menghubungkan manometer dengan sumber tekanan yang akan diukur.

Cara kerja manometer analog adalah sebagai berikut:

i). Salah satu ujung selang dihubungkan dengan sumber tekanan yang akan diukur, sedangkan ujung lainnya dihubungkan dengan manometer analog.

ii). Cairan dalam manometer analog akan mengalir ke dalam tabung dan naik ke ketinggian tertentu sesuai dengan besarnya tekanan yang diberikan oleh sumber tekanan.

iii). Tinggi kolom cairan yang terbentuk pada manometer analog akan terbaca pada skala pengukuran yang ada pada tabung.

iv). Hasil pengukuran tekanan dapat ditentukan dengan cara mengukur tinggi kolom cairan pada skala pengukuran dan mengkonversinya menjadi satuan tekanan yang diinginkan.

Dalam prakteknya, manometer analog dapat digunakan untuk mengukur tekanan udara, gas, atau cairan dalam sistem yang tidak terlalu besar atau rumit. Namun, penggunaan air raksa dalam manometer analog perlu dihindari karena dapat berbahaya bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan.

b). Manometer U

Alat pengukur perbedaan tekanan antara dua titik dalam sistem fluida. Prinsip kerja manometer tabung-U didasarkan pada perbedaan tekanan antara dua titik dalam sistem fluida, yang menyebabkan kolom fluida bergerak dalam tabung berbentuk-U. Manometer tabung-U terdiri dari tabung berbentuk U yang sebagian diisi dengan cairan, seperti air atau merkuri. Kedua ujung tabung berbentuk U terbuka ke atmosfer, dengan salah satu ujungnya dihubungkan ke sistem yang sedang diukur.

Ketika sistem diberi tekanan, perbedaan tekanan antara dua titik di dalam sistem menyebabkan fluida di dalam manometer tabung-U bergerak. Fluida pada sisi tabung yang terhubung dengan sistem yang diukur akan tergeser ke bawah akibat tekanan yang meningkat, sedangkan fluida pada sisi berlawanan dari tabung akan bergerak ke atas akibat penurunan tekanan. Perbedaan ketinggian antara dua kolom fluida adalah ukuran perbedaan tekanan antara dua titik dalam sistem.

Perbedaan tekanan dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan:

                                                               ∆P = ρgh

Dimana ΔP adalah perbedaan tekanan, ρ adalah densitas fluida dalam manometer tabung-U, g adalah percepatan gravitasi, dan h adalah perbedaan ketinggian antara dua kolom fluida.

Oleh karena itu, prinsip kerja manometer tabung-U didasarkan pada perbedaan tekanan antara dua titik dalam sistem fluida, yang menyebabkan kolom fluida bergerak dalam tabung berbentuk-U. Dengan mengukur perbedaan ketinggian kolom fluida, perbedaan tekanan dapat dihitung.

c). Pressure Transducer

Perangkat elektronik yang digunakan untuk mengukur tekanan dan mengubah pembacaan tekanan menjadi sinyal listrik yang dapat digunakan untuk pemantauan, kontrol atau akuisisi data. Dalam kasus manometer, transduser tekanan dapat digunakan untuk mengubah pengukuran tekanan dari manometer tabung-U menjadi sinyal listrik. Prinsip pengoperasian transduser tekanan didasarkan pada deformasi sensing element saat mengalami perbedaan tekanan. Deformasi sensing element menghasilkan sinyal listrik sebanding dengan tekanan yang diukur.

Dalam manometer, transduser tekanan biasanya dipasang pada salah satu ujung tabung-U, tempat perbedaan tekanan diukur. Transduser mengubah pengukuran tekanan menjadi sinyal listrik yang dapat ditampilkan pada pembacaan digital atau direkam oleh sistem akuisisi data.


Studi kasus

Manometer U dengan tekanan 300 Pa maka akan menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan h....untuk masing-masing fluida air, raksa dan minyak

Jawab :

Jika Manometer U dihubungkan ke sistem yang memiliki tekanan sebesar 300 Pa, maka akan terjadi peningkatan ketinggian fluida pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer. Besarnya peningkatan ketinggian fluida tergantung pada massa jenis fluida yang digunakan dalam manometer.

Dalam persamaan tekanan hidrostatis :

                                                               P = ρgh

di mana P adalah tekanan, rho adalah massa jenis fluida, g adalah percepatan gravitasi, dan h adalah perbedaan ketinggian fluida pada kedua ujung tabung manometer, maka ketinggian fluida dapat dihitung sebagai berikut:

                                                           h = P / (ρ * g)

Air

Jika tekanan sistem adalah 300 Pa dan massa jenis fluida yang digunakan dalam manometer adalah 1000 kg/m^3 (untuk air), dan percepatan gravitasi adalah 9.8 m/s^2, maka ketinggian fluida pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer akan meningkat sebesar:

h = 300 / (1000 * 9.8)

  0.0306 m atau sekitar 3 cm

Jadi, tekanan 300 Pa pada sistem yang dihubungkan dengan manometer U akan menyebabkan peningkatan ketinggian fluida sebesar sekitar 3 cm pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer.


Jika tekanan sistem adalah 3000 Pa dan massa jenis fluida yang digunakan dalam manometer adalah 1000 kg/m^3 (untuk air), dan percepatan gravitasi adalah 9.8 m/s^2, maka ketinggian fluida pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer akan meningkat sebesar:

h = 3000 / (1000 * 9.8)

  0.306 m atau sekitar 30,6 cm

Jadi, tekanan 3000 Pa pada sistem yang dihubungkan dengan manometer U akan menyebabkan peningkatan ketinggian fluida sebesar sekitar 30,6 cm pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer.


Raksa

Jika tekanan sistem adalah 300 Pa dan massa jenis fluida yang digunakan dalam manometer adalah 13.600 kg/m^3 (untuk raksa), dan percepatan gravitasi adalah 9.8 m/s^2, maka ketinggian fluida pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer akan meningkat sebesar:

h = 300 / (13.600 * 9.8)

  0.00225 m atau sekitar 0,2 cm

Jadi, tekanan 300 Pa pada sistem yang dihubungkan dengan manometer U akan menyebabkan peningkatan ketinggian fluida sebesar sekitar 0,2 cm pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer.


Jika tekanan sistem adalah 3000 Pa dan massa jenis fluida yang digunakan dalam manometer adalah 13.600 kg/m^3 (untuk raksa), dan percepatan gravitasi adalah 9.8 m/s^2, maka ketinggian fluida pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer akan meningkat sebesar:

h = 3000 / (13.600 * 9.8)

  0.0225 m atau sekitar 2,25 cm

Jadi, tekanan 3000 Pa pada sistem yang dihubungkan dengan manometer U akan menyebabkan peningkatan ketinggian fluida sebesar sekitar 2,25 cm pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer.


Minyak Jika tekanan sistem adalah 300 Pa dan massa jenis fluida yang digunakan dalam manometer adalah 800 kg/m^3 (untuk minyak), dan percepatan gravitasi adalah 9.8 m/s^2, maka ketinggian fluida pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer akan meningkat sebesar:

h = 300 / (800 * 9.8)

  0.0382 m atau sekitar 3,82 cm

Jadi, tekanan 300 Pa pada sistem yang dihubungkan dengan manometer U akan menyebabkan peningkatan ketinggian fluida sebesar sekitar 3,82 cm pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer.


Jika tekanan sistem adalah 3000 Pa dan massa jenis fluida yang digunakan dalam manometer adalah 800 kg/m^3 (untuk minyak), dan percepatan gravitasi adalah 9.8 m/s^2, maka ketinggian fluida pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer akan meningkat sebesar:

h = 3000 / (800 * 9.8)

  0.382 m atau sekitar 38,22 cm

Jadi, tekanan 3000 Pa pada sistem yang dihubungkan dengan manometer U akan menyebabkan peningkatan ketinggian fluida sebesar sekitar 38,22 cm pada salah satu ujung tabung manometer.



                                              Pertanyaan Kepada ChatGPT

1. Why can the analog manometer needle move?

An analog manometer is a device used to measure pressure, often in industrial or scientific applications. The manometer consists of a U-shaped tube filled with a liquid, typically mercury or a colored fluid. When pressure is applied to one end of the tube, the liquid in the tube moves to the other end, causing the level of the liquid to rise on one side and fall on the other.

The movement of the liquid in the manometer causes the needle to move. The needle is connected to a mechanical linkage that is attached to the liquid in the manometer. As the liquid moves, the mechanical linkage moves, causing the needle to move along with it. This movement of the needle provides a visual indication of the pressure being measured.

The movement of the needle in an analog manometer is dependent on the pressure applied to the tube and the physical properties of the liquid in the tube. The greater the pressure applied to the tube, the greater the movement of the liquid and the needle. Similarly, the physical properties of the liquid, such as its density and viscosity, can also affect the movement of the needle.

Overall, the movement of the needle in an analog manometer is a result of the transfer of pressure from the source being measured to the liquid in the U-shaped tube, and ultimately to the mechanical linkage that moves the needle.


2. How the movement of the needle represents pressure?

The movement of the needle in an analog manometer represents pressure because the pressure applied to one end of the U-shaped tube is transmitted through the liquid in the tube and exerts a force on the surface of the liquid. This force is distributed equally in all directions and is transmitted to the other end of the tube, causing the liquid level to rise on one side and fall on the other.

The height difference between the two sides of the U-shaped tube represents the difference in pressure between the two points being measured. This difference in height is directly proportional to the pressure difference, according to the principles of hydrostatics.

The movement of the needle in the analog manometer is then used to indicate the difference in height of the liquid levels in the U-shaped tube, and hence the pressure difference being measured. A calibrated scale is usually provided on the face of the manometer to allow for direct reading of the pressure difference from the position of the needle on the scale.

Overall, the movement of the needle in an analog manometer provides a visual indication of the pressure being measured by converting the pressure difference into a visible height difference of the liquid levels in the U-shaped tube.


3. What happens if the water is replaced with another fluid?

The behavior of an analog manometer depends on the properties of the fluid used to fill the U-shaped tube. If the water in the manometer is replaced with another fluid, such as oil or mercury, the behavior of the manometer will change.

The most important property of the fluid used in a manometer is its density. The density of the fluid determines the amount of pressure required to move the fluid and hence the sensitivity of the manometer. A more dense fluid will require less pressure to move and hence will result in a more sensitive manometer.

Another important property of the fluid is its viscosity, which determines the rate at which the fluid flows in the tube. A more viscous fluid will flow more slowly and hence will result in a slower response time for the manometer.

In addition to density and viscosity, the surface tension and other properties of the fluid can also affect the behavior of the manometer.

Therefore, if the water in the manometer is replaced with another fluid, the sensitivity, response time, and other characteristics of the manometer will be affected. The calibration of the manometer will also need to be adjusted to account for the different properties of the new fluid.


4. What kind of fluids can be measured using a manometer?

A manometer can be used to measure a wide range of fluids, including liquids and gases. The choice of fluid depends on the application and the pressure range being measured.

Some common fluids that can be measured using a manometer include:

i). Air

Manometers are commonly used to measure air pressure in HVAC systems, pneumatic systems, and other industrial applications.

ii). Water

Manometers can also be used to measure water pressure in plumbing systems, irrigation systems, and water treatment facilities.

iii). Hydraulic fluids

Manometers can be used to measure pressure in hydraulic systems used in heavy equipment, automotive, and aerospace industries.

iv). Refrigerants

Manometers are used to measure the pressure of refrigerants in HVAC and refrigeration systems.

v). Oil and other fluids

Manometers can be used to measure the pressure of oil and other fluids in a wide range of industrial applications, such as chemical processing, power generation, and manufacturing.

Overall, the choice of fluid depends on the application, the range of pressure being measured, and the required sensitivity and response time. The properties of the fluid used in a manometer will determine the sensitivity, range, and accuracy of the pressure measurement.