Difference between revisions of "ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE-ENERGY SOURCES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION SYSTEM IN JAWA-BALI"

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(CHAPTER III BASIC THEORY)
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= CHAPTER III BASIC THEORY =
 
= CHAPTER III BASIC THEORY =
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 +
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'''3.1. Renewable Energy Definition'''
 +
 +
Based on IEA (International Energy Association), renewable energy resources are derived from natural processes and replenished faster than they are consumed. Based on EIA, renewable energy could also be defined as energy from naturally replenishing sources but flow-limited.
 +
 +
'''3.2. Renewable Energy Sources in Indonesia'''
 +
 +
Based on IEA, Indonesia's major energy resources are coal, natural gas, biofuel, waste, wind, solar, and hydro. While from the major energy resources in Indonesia, few renewable energies are hydro, wind, solar, natural gas, biofuels, and waste.
 +
 +
 +
Figure 3.1. Total Energy Supply Graph in Indonesia 1990-2018 [1]
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''3.2.1. Hydropower'''
 +
 +
Hydropower produces energy through the power of moving water. Hydropower produces electrical energy by moving turbines with water movements. While generating electric energy through the power from moving water, hydropower has four common typologies: run-of-river hydropower, storage hydropower, pumped storage hydropower, and offshore hydropower. 
 +
 +
Run-of-river hydropower is a facility that generates energy by using water flow from a river through a canal. The water flow then will spin a turbine. Run-of-river hydropower provides a daily supply of electricity.
 +
Storage hydropower is a large system where it uses dams to save water in reservoirs. The system generates energy by releasing the water inside the reservoir through a turbine. By doing this, the turbine will activate the generator; hence it generates energy. Pumped storage hydropower generates energy by using upper and lower reservoirs pumped so the water will always stay in the cycle. Offshore hydropower generates energy by using the power of waves from seawater or tidal currents.
 +
 +
'''3.2.2. Wind'''
 +
 +
Wind produces energy from the air in motion that creates kinetic energy. The kinetic energy then will be converted into electrical energy by a wind turbine or wind conversion machine. The wind hits the turbine that causes the turbine’s blade to move (rotate); therefore, the kinetic energy changes into the blade's rotational energy, moving the shaft that is being connected to the generator. Thus the generator produces energy.
 +
 +
'''3.2.3. Solar'''
 +
 +
Solar produces energy by converting the sunlight energy into electricity with solar cells or Photovoltaic (PV). Solar panels also benefit from having a long lifespan, 30 years, and produced in a variety of sizes and types. Solar could also convert the sunlight energy with another device called concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP generates electricity by concentrating solar rays into mirrors. The concentrated solar rays will produce rays that heat a fluid that creates steam to drive the turbine, and the turbine generates electricity.
 +
 
 +
'''3.2.4. Biofuel and Waste'''
 +
 +
Biofuel and waste are divided into traditional and modern waste. Traditional waste derives from animal waste, traditional charcoal, wood from forests, and agricultural waste. Modern waste energy sources derive from product waste, residues, and technologies such as bio-refineries and wood pellet heating systems. 
 +
 +
 +
'''3.3. Renewable Power Plant in Indonesia'''
 +
 +
Indonesia has built a lot of power plants with renewable energy as the energy sources. In 2018, Indonesia has the capacity of 9.781 MW for its renewable power plant and by 2019, the renewable power plant’s capacity reached 10.000 MW. 
 +
 +
Figure 3.2.1 Power Plants Capacity In Indonesia from 2013-2018  [3]
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
Figure 3.2.2.  Power Plants Capacity In Indonesia from 2013-2018 [3]
 +
 +
'''3.3.1. PLTA (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air)'''
 +
 +
Hydropower technology is one of the renewable power plants in Indonesia. Hydropower has a dam to keep water in the human-made lake. When the dam's water is released, it will create potential energy that will move the turbine. The turbine is connected to a generator that will generate electricity. Then the water will return back to the dam, and the cycle keeps going on.
 +
 +
Figure. 3.3. Hydropower Cycle [4]
 +
 +
Hydropower technology is one of Indonesia's most significant power plants after natural gas and the most significant renewable power plant in Indonesia. The biggest of Indonesia's hydropower sites in Indonesia is Cirata Hydropower in Bandung, West Java. Cirata Hydropower has been operating commercially since 1988 with four units. Cirata Hydropower has a capacity of 1.0008 MW.
 +
 +
Figure. 3.4.1. The Water Dam of PLTA Cirata [5]
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 +
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Figure. 3.4.2. The Generator House of PLTA Cirata [6]
 +
 +
'''3.3.2. PLTB (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu)'''
 +
 +
Wind power technology in Indonesia uses the Horizontal-Axis turbine type. The turbine will be built 30 meters or more above the ground. Building a tower wind turbine tall above the ground will allow the turbine to generate more kinetic energy with faster wind speeds above.  Horizontal-Axis turbines commonly use two until three propeller-like blades connected to a rotor. When turbines catch energy from the wind, low-pressure air will move the blade. This will cause the blade to turn the rotor; the lift. The force from the lift will cause a drag where the force is stronger than the wind’s force. The combination of drag and lift makes the rotor spin.
 +
Indonesia has two wind power stations that still operate until this day; PLTB Sidrap in Watang Pulu, South Sulawesi and PLTB Tolo 1 Jeneponto in Binamu, South Sulawesi. These wind powers have operated since 2018 with the capacity of 75MW at PLTB Sidrap and 72MW at PLTB Tolo 1 Jeneponto.
 +
 +
Figure. 3.5.  PLTS Sidrap in South Sulawesi [7]
 +
 +
 +
'''3.3.3. PLTS (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya)'''
 +
 +
PLTS in Indonesia uses photovoltaic type as the power generator. PV (Photovoltaic) will convert sunlight to power (electricity). Photons from the sunlight hit the PV panels material, where the free electrons are being generated. The photons go through the material and will produce an electrical DC (direct current). The DC will convert into AC with an inverter then it will be used for an electrical grid. PV panels only work as a converter of energy, transmitting the energy to where it is needed.
 +
Indonesia has 24 solar power plants with 22 solar power plants that still operate until this day. Two solar power plants that stopped operating are located in Bali due to failing on maintenance. Meanwhile, one of the solar power plants that still operates is located in Purwakarta, West Java, named PLTS Cirata, with a capacity of 1 MW. PLTS Cirata is located at the same place as PLTA Cirata, the biggest hydropower in Indonesia. Its photovoltaic systems are installed to float above the water dam.
 +
 +
'''3.3.4.  PLTBg (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biogas)'''
 +
 +
PTLBg uses organic waste that went through a process namely anaerobic digestion. It is a process to break down the organic material from the bacteria in an oxygen-free environment. Recycling the original material then turning it to biogas, containing energy in gas form and soil products (in solid and liquid forms).
 +
In 2017, Indonesia has a PLTBg from a private company at Libo, Riau. The power plant was built and used for personal purpose (Kernel Crushing Plant Factory), yet the private PLTBg still has another 0,5MW left unused. In 2018, PT PLN (Persero) also signed a 2-year contract with a private company that owns the power plant at Central Kalimantan. This contract allows PT PLN (Persero) to improve the renewable energy usage in South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan until 8,8 MW. Based on the table for the energy plant capacity, PLTBg has a significant increase with 20,48 in 2014 into 108,62 in 2018.
 +
 +
'''3.3.5. PLTBm (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa)'''
 +
 +
PLTBm uses boiler gasification to convert energy from organic waste into renewable energy sources such as electricity. Organic waste will be treated at a high temperature, above 700 Celcius, without the combustion process. The high-temperature conversion will also be controlled by oxygen and steam into hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide will react with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the water-gas shift reaction. Then the special membranes will separate the hydrogen from the gas stream.
 +
In 2018, Indonesia, with a private company, built PLTBm Siantan in Wajok Hulu village, Kalimantan. The biomass power plant uses gasification technology where the boiler will generate energy by consuming rice husk, bagasse, and agricultural waste as its fuel. This PLTBm has a capacity of 75.00 kWh, equal to 25.000 Ton CO2e. In 2019, Indonesia built a PLTBm in Siberut Island, Mentawai. This power plant uses bamboo as the energy sources combine with forest residue. With a total capacity of 700KW, this PLTBm could light up three villages in Mentawai.
 +
 +
 +
 +
Figure 3.6. PLTBm Siantan in Kalimantan Using Boiler to Convert Energy from Agricultural Waste [8]
  
 
= CHAPTER IV DATA COMPILATION =
 
= CHAPTER IV DATA COMPILATION =

Revision as of 11:26, 15 December 2020

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
1.2 Report Objectives
1.3 Scope of the Report
1.4 Date and Place of the On Job Training
1.5 Report Outline

CHAPTER II COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 About PT. PLN (Persero)
2.1.1 Company Logo
2.1.2 COmpany's Vision and Mission
2.1.3 COmpany's Value
2.2 PT. PLN (Persero) UIP2B

CHAPTER III BASIC THEORY

3.1 Renewable Energy Definition
3.2 Renewable Energy Sources in Indonesia
3.2.1 Hydropower
3.2.2 Wind
3.2.3 Solar
3.2.4 Biofuel and Waste
3.3.Renewable Power Plant in Indonesia
3.3.1 PLTA (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air)
3.3.2 PLTB (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu)
3.3.1 PLTS (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya)
3.3.1 PLTBg (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biogas)
3.3.1 PLTBm (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa)

CHAPTER IV DATA COMPILATION

4.1 2017 National Energy Plan (RUEN)
4.2 2019-2038 National Electricity Plan (RUKN)
4.3 2019-2029 Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL)
4.4 2019 Java-Bali System Operation Evaluation (EOT 2019 PT. PLN UIP2B)

CHAPTER V DATA ANALYSIS

5.1 Data Analysis

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusions
6.2 Internship Result

REFERENCE

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Renewable energy is an energy that comes from renewable resources, meaning that nature will naturally restock the resources by itself. For example renewable resources are sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, geothermal heat, and etc. There are already important energy sectors that use renewable energy resources to provide energy, one of them is the electricity power generation sector.

1.2. Report Objectives

The main objective is to provide a collection and summary about the data of PT.PLN UIP2B renewable-energy sources in the electricity generating system in Jawa-Bali. In addition, there are other objectives that are mainly for administrative purposes. They are as follows:

For the Internship Student

  1. To fulfill the requirement of Bachelor’s Degree in the University of Indonesia
  2. To add the insight and get an experience of the work-life in engineering field
  3. To study and be familiar about Renewable-Energy.
  4. To oversee the link and match between the practical work and the theoretical work

For the Company (PT. PLN UIP2B) in this case

  1. To create a good relationship with the education institutes.
  2. To improve the productivity of the company by having interns.
  3. To prepare for the next generation of engineers who understand about Renewable-Energy sources for electricity generating systems.

1.3. Scope of the Report

This report provides a collection and summary of PT. PLN UIP2B renewable-energy sources for electricity generating systems. The report will include data from the 2019-2029 Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL), PT PLN (Persero), 2017 National Energy Plan (RUEN), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), 2019-2038 National Electricity Plan (RUKN), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), and also from the 2019 year evaluation report from PT. PLN UIP2B.

1.4 Internship Time and Location

The internship was conducted in PT. PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Pusat Pengatur Beban (UIP2B) Jl. JCC, Gandul , Cinere, Kota Depok, Jawa Barat. The duration of the internship is from August 3rd 2020 to September 30th 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the internship was mainly conducted as a work from home project with zoom call meetings and discussion at usual working hours from monday to friday.

1.5 Report Structure

The structure of this report is to follow the standard of the internship report set by the University. Chapter One : Provides the introduction of the work. It includes the background and the objective of the report. Chapter Two : Overviews the company profile -- PT. PLN UIP2B. Chapter Three : Gives the basic theories about renewable energy and renewable energy power plants. Chapter Four : Provides the collected data. Chapter Five : Provides the Analysis of the data and the comparison between the renewable energy power plants to non renewable energy power plants. Chapter Six : Conclusions and internship results are stated in.

CHAPTER II COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 About PT. PLN (Persero)

PT. PLN (Persero) is a state-owned enterprise that fully manages Indonesia’s electrical power field. On October 27th, 1945, Indonesia’s then president, President Soekarno established the Electricity and Gas Bureau under the Department of Public Works and Energy. However, on January 1st, 1961, the Electricity and Gas Bureau was changed to BPU-PLN (General Chairman of the State Electric Company) engaged in electricity, gas and coke. But, exactly 4 years later BPU-PLN was dissolved. At the time of the dissolvement of BPU-PLN, 2 (two) new companies were inaugurated, namely the National Electricity Company (PLN) to manage electricity and the State Gas Company (PGN) as the gas manager. And up to this day, PT PLN is the only company that sells electrical services in Indonesia. PT. PLN divided the company into units, the Main Office (Kantor Pusat), the Main Units and/or Centers (Unit Induk dan/atau Pusat-Pusat), the Executor Units (Unit Pelaksana), and the Service Units (Unit Pelayanan).

2.1.1 Company Logo


Figure 2.1. PLN Company Logo.png


Meaning of the elements in the company logo:

  • Lightning

Symbolizes electric power as the main product of the company. It also means fast and accurate work by the employees of PT. PLN in giving the finest solution towards the consumer. Red on the lightning represents sophistication of the company being the first electric energy corporation in Indonesia, also reflects tenacity in working and courage to push forward technology development.

  • Three Waves

Represents electric energy flow from the three main aspects the company works on: Generation, transmission, and distribution. The color blue shows the impression of consistency being in the life of the community and also it represents reliability.

  • Yellow Vertical Rectangle

Being the base of the symbol, it shows how PT. PLN is a well-organized corporate and field. The color yellow symbolizes enlightenment, as how the company enlightens the community. It also symbolizes the fiery spirit that is within the people of the company.

2.1.2 Company’s Vision and Mission

Vision

  • Recognized as a world-class company that grows, superior and trusted while resting on human potential.

Mission

  • Runs electricity business and other related fields, oriented towards customer satisfaction, member of company and shareholder.
  • Makes electricity as a media to improve society’s life quality.
  • Strive for electricity to be the driving force of economic activity.
  • Runs an environmental-friendly company.

2.1.3 Company's Values

  • Mutual Trust

Atmosphere of appreciation and open between company members that is based on trust and integrity, good faith, and competence from parties that are interconnected in conducting clean and ethical business practice.

  • Integrity

Form of company members’ attitude that consistently shows honesty, harmony between words and deeds, and responsibility towards company management and company resources utilization for good cause in short or long term, and responsibility towards all related parties.

  • Care

Reflection of the will to keep and maintain work quality in company, with awareness of every problem faced by the company and finding the right solution.

  • Studious

The act of company units to always question system and development practices, management and operation, and attempt to dominate science and technology development for the sake of continuous company renewal.

  • Aware of customer needs

Always strive to satisfy customers and fulfill their needs fast, correctly and accordingly.

  • Appreciation towards human dignity

Values highly human dignity with all its advantages and disadvantages and recognizes and protects human rights in running business.

  • Integrity

Values honesty, integrity, and objectivity in managing business.

  • Product quality

Improve quality of product continuously and measured also keeping environment quality in running the company.

  • Opportunity to improve

Giving the same opportunity to every company unit to gain achievements and occupy positions accordingly with the criteria.

  • Innovative

Ready to share knowledge and experience with company units, growing curiosity and appreciating ideas and innovations.

  • Prioritize company interests

Consistent in preventing conflict of interests and guarantee every decision is addressed to company interests.

  • Shareholder

Business decision making will be oriented towards improving shareholder investment value.

2.2 PT. PLN (Persero) UIP2B

PT. PLN UIP2B or Unit Induk Pusat Pengatur Beban is one of the main units under PT. PLN that manages the load regulation in jawa-bali. In this PLN unit, they carry out electric power system operations and manage the distribution of high voltage electric power. The UIP2B is a unit of PLN as an extension of the head office for electricity services at PLN, as well as an institution at PLN as support for PLN's electricity business in the region. In short, this unit does the load regulating and the operation system of the main 500kV power plants and 500kv substation in Jawa-Bali. Also together with the regional unit, this unit manages and regulates the small-scale local generation systems connected to 150 kV, 70 kV and 30 kV systems and the transmission systems. The UIP2B unit divided according to its function, for example, PLN West Java Distribution Main Unit which is located in Bandung as a distribution service in West Java Province, or PLN Central Java Transmission Main Unit as electricity transmission service in West Java and Yogyakarta Central Java provinces. Meanwhile, the mains are PLN institutions that support PLN's business, for example, the PLN Education and Training Center (PUSDIKLAT), which is an institution for the development and training of PLN employees, as well as other centers. The parent unit and centers led by a General Manager of the Main Unit or General Manager of the Center.

Fig 2.2. Organizational structure of PT. PLN UIP2B.png

The interns are being placed in the planning department under the System Operational Planning. System Operation Planning is the division where planning of the operation of an electric power system takes place which includes distribution planning and generation planning to achieve the target of an economical, reliable and quality electric power system operation.

CHAPTER III BASIC THEORY

3.1. Renewable Energy Definition

Based on IEA (International Energy Association), renewable energy resources are derived from natural processes and replenished faster than they are consumed. Based on EIA, renewable energy could also be defined as energy from naturally replenishing sources but flow-limited.

3.2. Renewable Energy Sources in Indonesia

Based on IEA, Indonesia's major energy resources are coal, natural gas, biofuel, waste, wind, solar, and hydro. While from the major energy resources in Indonesia, few renewable energies are hydro, wind, solar, natural gas, biofuels, and waste.


Figure 3.1. Total Energy Supply Graph in Indonesia 1990-2018 [1]


3.2.1. Hydropower

Hydropower produces energy through the power of moving water. Hydropower produces electrical energy by moving turbines with water movements. While generating electric energy through the power from moving water, hydropower has four common typologies: run-of-river hydropower, storage hydropower, pumped storage hydropower, and offshore hydropower.

Run-of-river hydropower is a facility that generates energy by using water flow from a river through a canal. The water flow then will spin a turbine. Run-of-river hydropower provides a daily supply of electricity. Storage hydropower is a large system where it uses dams to save water in reservoirs. The system generates energy by releasing the water inside the reservoir through a turbine. By doing this, the turbine will activate the generator; hence it generates energy. Pumped storage hydropower generates energy by using upper and lower reservoirs pumped so the water will always stay in the cycle. Offshore hydropower generates energy by using the power of waves from seawater or tidal currents.

3.2.2. Wind

Wind produces energy from the air in motion that creates kinetic energy. The kinetic energy then will be converted into electrical energy by a wind turbine or wind conversion machine. The wind hits the turbine that causes the turbine’s blade to move (rotate); therefore, the kinetic energy changes into the blade's rotational energy, moving the shaft that is being connected to the generator. Thus the generator produces energy.

3.2.3. Solar

Solar produces energy by converting the sunlight energy into electricity with solar cells or Photovoltaic (PV). Solar panels also benefit from having a long lifespan, 30 years, and produced in a variety of sizes and types. Solar could also convert the sunlight energy with another device called concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP generates electricity by concentrating solar rays into mirrors. The concentrated solar rays will produce rays that heat a fluid that creates steam to drive the turbine, and the turbine generates electricity.

3.2.4. Biofuel and Waste

Biofuel and waste are divided into traditional and modern waste. Traditional waste derives from animal waste, traditional charcoal, wood from forests, and agricultural waste. Modern waste energy sources derive from product waste, residues, and technologies such as bio-refineries and wood pellet heating systems.


3.3. Renewable Power Plant in Indonesia

Indonesia has built a lot of power plants with renewable energy as the energy sources. In 2018, Indonesia has the capacity of 9.781 MW for its renewable power plant and by 2019, the renewable power plant’s capacity reached 10.000 MW.

Figure 3.2.1 Power Plants Capacity In Indonesia from 2013-2018 [3]



Figure 3.2.2. Power Plants Capacity In Indonesia from 2013-2018 [3]

3.3.1. PLTA (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air)

Hydropower technology is one of the renewable power plants in Indonesia. Hydropower has a dam to keep water in the human-made lake. When the dam's water is released, it will create potential energy that will move the turbine. The turbine is connected to a generator that will generate electricity. Then the water will return back to the dam, and the cycle keeps going on.

Figure. 3.3. Hydropower Cycle [4]

Hydropower technology is one of Indonesia's most significant power plants after natural gas and the most significant renewable power plant in Indonesia. The biggest of Indonesia's hydropower sites in Indonesia is Cirata Hydropower in Bandung, West Java. Cirata Hydropower has been operating commercially since 1988 with four units. Cirata Hydropower has a capacity of 1.0008 MW.

Figure. 3.4.1. The Water Dam of PLTA Cirata [5]


Figure. 3.4.2. The Generator House of PLTA Cirata [6]

3.3.2. PLTB (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu)

Wind power technology in Indonesia uses the Horizontal-Axis turbine type. The turbine will be built 30 meters or more above the ground. Building a tower wind turbine tall above the ground will allow the turbine to generate more kinetic energy with faster wind speeds above. Horizontal-Axis turbines commonly use two until three propeller-like blades connected to a rotor. When turbines catch energy from the wind, low-pressure air will move the blade. This will cause the blade to turn the rotor; the lift. The force from the lift will cause a drag where the force is stronger than the wind’s force. The combination of drag and lift makes the rotor spin. Indonesia has two wind power stations that still operate until this day; PLTB Sidrap in Watang Pulu, South Sulawesi and PLTB Tolo 1 Jeneponto in Binamu, South Sulawesi. These wind powers have operated since 2018 with the capacity of 75MW at PLTB Sidrap and 72MW at PLTB Tolo 1 Jeneponto.

Figure. 3.5. PLTS Sidrap in South Sulawesi [7]


3.3.3. PLTS (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya)

PLTS in Indonesia uses photovoltaic type as the power generator. PV (Photovoltaic) will convert sunlight to power (electricity). Photons from the sunlight hit the PV panels material, where the free electrons are being generated. The photons go through the material and will produce an electrical DC (direct current). The DC will convert into AC with an inverter then it will be used for an electrical grid. PV panels only work as a converter of energy, transmitting the energy to where it is needed. Indonesia has 24 solar power plants with 22 solar power plants that still operate until this day. Two solar power plants that stopped operating are located in Bali due to failing on maintenance. Meanwhile, one of the solar power plants that still operates is located in Purwakarta, West Java, named PLTS Cirata, with a capacity of 1 MW. PLTS Cirata is located at the same place as PLTA Cirata, the biggest hydropower in Indonesia. Its photovoltaic systems are installed to float above the water dam.

3.3.4. PLTBg (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biogas)

PTLBg uses organic waste that went through a process namely anaerobic digestion. It is a process to break down the organic material from the bacteria in an oxygen-free environment. Recycling the original material then turning it to biogas, containing energy in gas form and soil products (in solid and liquid forms). In 2017, Indonesia has a PLTBg from a private company at Libo, Riau. The power plant was built and used for personal purpose (Kernel Crushing Plant Factory), yet the private PLTBg still has another 0,5MW left unused. In 2018, PT PLN (Persero) also signed a 2-year contract with a private company that owns the power plant at Central Kalimantan. This contract allows PT PLN (Persero) to improve the renewable energy usage in South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan until 8,8 MW. Based on the table for the energy plant capacity, PLTBg has a significant increase with 20,48 in 2014 into 108,62 in 2018.

3.3.5. PLTBm (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa)

PLTBm uses boiler gasification to convert energy from organic waste into renewable energy sources such as electricity. Organic waste will be treated at a high temperature, above 700 Celcius, without the combustion process. The high-temperature conversion will also be controlled by oxygen and steam into hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide will react with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the water-gas shift reaction. Then the special membranes will separate the hydrogen from the gas stream. In 2018, Indonesia, with a private company, built PLTBm Siantan in Wajok Hulu village, Kalimantan. The biomass power plant uses gasification technology where the boiler will generate energy by consuming rice husk, bagasse, and agricultural waste as its fuel. This PLTBm has a capacity of 75.00 kWh, equal to 25.000 Ton CO2e. In 2019, Indonesia built a PLTBm in Siberut Island, Mentawai. This power plant uses bamboo as the energy sources combine with forest residue. With a total capacity of 700KW, this PLTBm could light up three villages in Mentawai.


Figure 3.6. PLTBm Siantan in Kalimantan Using Boiler to Convert Energy from Agricultural Waste [8]

CHAPTER IV DATA COMPILATION

CHAPTER V DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER REFERENCES