Aqiel Saiful Fatah

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Name: Aqiel Saiful Fatah

NPM: 1706064302

Program of Study: S1 Mechanical Engineering

Impulse and Reaction Turbines

Steam turbines are the most used mover in power plants, refineries, and processing plants. Based on the operating principle the steam turbine can be classified as these two types;

1. Impulse turbine

2. Reaction turbine

Impulse Turbines

Impulse steam turbines consists of stationary steam nozzles and a rotor with rotating buckets. What happens when the steam passes through these nozzles is hit the buckets at a high velocity causing the rotor to rotate at a high speed. In the nozzle, pressure, and enthalpy of the steam decreases whilst velocity, and volume of the steam increases.

Pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy through these nozzles. There are two types of nozzles;

1. Convergent nozzles, which are used for smaller pressure drops and develops eddy-currents

2. Convergent-divergent nozzles, which prevent eddy current and cause larger pressure drops

Impulse Principle: High pressure steam enters a stationary nozzle of a steam turbine and exits in the form of a high-speed jet. This will then hit the shaped turbine blade and the flow direction will change. The change in direction will produce an impulse force, which will cause the blade to move and the rotor to rotate.

In impulse turbines, pressure drops and velocity increases when steam passes through the nozzles. When steam passes through the blades, velocity drops but pressure is constant. This is the distinguishing feature of an impulse turbine; pressure at the inlet of the blades is equal to the outlet.

Reaction Turbines

Quite different to impulse turbines, reaction turbines have steam expand through its moving blades thus resulting in a reaction force that moves the rotor.

A reaction turbine has rows of fixed blades and moving blades that alternate in its position. Steam expands in the fixed blades first to increase its velocity as it drops in pressure. Then steam enters the moving blade rows where its direction is changed and results in an impulse force which moves the blade. Whilst moving the blade, steam expands further and drops its pressure even more giving a reaction force to the blades. Steam pressure drops in both fixed and moving blades, where the absolute velocity increases in fixed blade rows and decreases in moving blade rows. The distinguishing feature of reaction turbines is that pressure is different between the inlet of the moving blades and the outlet of the moving blades. Also, there is a n unbalanced thrust will be developed onto the rotor, which needs special adjustments.

Difference between Impulse and Reaction Turbines

source: [1]

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The Need For A Small Generator

To find out the need for our portable generator, two routes were taken. The first being searching the internet for the need of a portable generator, and the second is conducting a survey towards our target audience, which are people who are enthusiastic towards travelling, hiking, and alike.

When searching the internet, results weren't satisfactory. There were no sources to say that travelling and hiking enthusiasts require a portable generator. However, there were two products that has the same concept as ours, which is already available to the public [2][3]

Our survey was conducted online through Google Forms, and the results are as follows;

Our survey participants have an age range of 19-24 with 66.7% of them are male, and 88.9% of participants are University Students. From this we receive that 88.9% of participants agree that there is a need for a portable generator. Participants state that its usage is for charging smartphones, radios, cameras, flashlights, drones, and GPS. Their preferred size for the device is something that can fit into a daypack.

SCADA Progress

Our goal on this design assignment is to make a sophisticated Archimedes wind turbine. The wind turbine should be able to automate a braking system to prevent the blade, shaft, and generator to fail while it's working. To do so, we require a SCADA system with Arduino Unos as PLCs to monitor rotational speed and control the braking system.

For the SCADA system we are requested to use PyScada, which is an open-source SCADA system that is based on Python and the Django Framework. This allows us to further develop the SCADA system so it is possible to access the system through the internet. At first we attempted to install the software through the windows command prompt. When we ran into problems with the server, we tried to reach out to the developer to see what the problem was. Our initial solution was to try again but using a Linux based operating system. We tried again, but using a Windows Subsystem for Linux. The installation ran smoothly, however the site to the SCADA system did not show any graphical elements as shown below;

This proves to not be a major issue. The program ran as expected but not as good looking. We tried out some of its features and they showed up and worked as shown below

Arduino Communications to HMI through Serial

Unfortunately the process of setting the Arduino to PyScada is limited in documentation, as it is still in BETA. To help, we tried to test if the Arduino can be able to send and receive information to and from the PC. We tested this using Microsoft's Visual Studio as a HMI to send and receive data from the Arduino. At this moment the data from the Arduino is random, specifically for testing.

The following is the layout of the program that we created to test if the Arduino can communicate to the PC.

Main view of program with LED control

Detailed view of incoming data

Our test has been proven successful. The LED controls successfully turn on and off the onboard Arduino Uno LED, and the Arduino's data is successfully tracked on the program that can be logged and put in a graph to visualise. The software can also react to the data given by the Arduino to further instruct it. In this case, when a value is greater than 500, we turn the LED on.. However this is still based on a USB connection and we still have a lot to improve. We need to establish the same connection through the internet, and use the sensors we are going to use to get data from the sensors and send a signal to a servo that will react to the RPM of the turbine.