Farras Hafizh Al Farisi

0/ Introduction

Halo semua, saya Farras Hafizh Al Farisi dengan NPM 2106635846 mahasiswa Metode Numerik 01.

Berikut merupakan kumpulan tulisan saya selama mempelajari Metode Numerik serta selama mengakumulasi pemahaman mengenai makna mendalam Consciousness.

1/ Pressurized Hydrogen Storage Optimization

PRESSURIZED HYDROGEN STORAGE

Pressurized hydrogen storage involves compressing hydrogen gas and storing it in specially designed tanks or cylinders. These tanks are built to withstand high pressures, typically ranging from a few hundred to several thousand pounds per square inch (psi). Pressurized storage offers advantages such as simplicity, portability, and fast refueling times. However, it also presents challenges related to weight, safety, and limited storage capacity. Tank materials must be robust, and strict testing is necessary to prevent leaks or ruptures. Alternative storage methods like cryogenic storage and hydrogen carriers are being explored to address these limitations and optimize hydrogen storage and utilization.

FACTORS INVOLVED IN DESIGNING AND OPTIMIZING A PRESSURIZED HYDROGEN STORAGE

Designing and optimizing a pressurized hydrogen storage involves several factors and processes to ensure its safety, efficiency, and performance. Here are some key considerations in the design and optimization process:

Storage Capacity

The required storage capacity of hydrogen must be determined based on the anticipated demand and usage. Factors such as the desired duration of storage, refill frequency, and system requirements play a role in determining the storage capacity.

Material Selection

The choice of materials for the storage tank is crucial. Factors such as material strength, corrosion resistance, hydrogen compatibility, weight, and cost need to be considered. The selected material should meet safety standards, regulatory requirements, and be suitable for the specific application.

Pressure Requirements

Determining the optimal operating pressure is critical to balance storage capacity, tank weight, and safety. Higher pressures allow for more hydrogen storage within a given volume, but it increases material requirements and safety considerations. The pressure requirements should align with the intended use and regulatory standards.

Safety Considerations

Safety is paramount in hydrogen storage design. Factors such as material integrity, leak prevention, pressure relief mechanisms, and appropriate safety measures need to be incorporated. Standards and guidelines from regulatory bodies, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and national safety codes, should be followed.

Structural Design

The structural design of the storage tank must ensure its mechanical integrity and resistance to external loads, vibrations, and impacts. Finite element analysis (FEA) and other engineering calculations are performed to determine the optimal tank shape, thickness, reinforcement, and support structures.

Thermal Management

Hydrogen storage systems may require thermal management to control temperature variations. Insulation, cooling, or heating mechanisms are employed to maintain the desired hydrogen temperature range and prevent thermal stresses.

Cost Optimization

Optimization techniques, such as mathematical modeling and numerical methods, can be applied to minimize costs while meeting performance and safety requirements. This includes optimizing material usage, tank size, manufacturing processes, and other relevant parameters.

Regulatory Compliance

Compliance with relevant regulations, standards, and codes is essential in the design and operation of pressurized hydrogen storage. It ensures safety, environmental protection, and compatibility with industry norms.

Hydrogen Purity

The required purity level of hydrogen for the specific application should be considered. Impurities in the hydrogen stream can impact the integrity and performance of the storage system. Depending on the application, purification processes may be needed to remove impurities.

Fill and Discharge Rates

The desired fill and discharge rates of hydrogen affect the design and optimization of the storage system. Factors such as the available infrastructure, operational requirements, and efficiency considerations influence the sizing of valves, piping, and other components.

System Integration

Pressurized hydrogen storage systems are often integrated with other components and subsystems, such as hydrogen production units, fuel cells, or transportation systems. Seamless integration and compatibility with these systems are important to ensure overall system performance.

Environmental Considerations

Environmental factors, including temperature variations, exposure to corrosive substances, and seismic activity, should be taken into account during the design process. Adequate protection and design measures, such as coatings, seismic restraints, and environmental monitoring, may be required.

Manufacturing and Fabrication Methods

The manufacturing and fabrication techniques employed impact the quality, cost, and scalability of the storage system. Selection of appropriate manufacturing methods, such as welding, forming, or composite layup, needs to be aligned with the chosen materials and desired characteristics.

2/ Detailed Case Study of Hydrogen Storage Optimization

REQUIREMENTS

The specific requirements are 1 liter (1000 cm^3) of Hydrogen with 8 bar (800 kPa) Pressure with a maximum cost of Rp 500.000

CONSTRAINTS

Pressurized hydrogen storage plays a crucial role in various applications, ranging from energy storage to fuel cell technology. Designing an optimized storage system requires careful consideration of multiple factors to ensure efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness. In this context, incorporating three key constraints - geometrical, material strength, and budget constraints - forms the foundation of an effective optimization model.

1) Geometrical Constraint

The geometrical constraint ensures that the design of the storage system meets specific volume requirements. By setting a constraint on the volume or dimensions of the storage tank, you can optimize the geometrical parameters such as radius and height to ensure the tank can accommodate the desired volume of 1 liter (1000 cm^3). This constraint ensures that the storage tank is appropriately sized and fits within the available space.

2) Material Strength Constraint

The material strength constraint focuses on selecting a material that can withstand the high-pressure environment of the hydrogen storage system. Hydrogen is stored under high pressure (8 bar or 800 kPa), and selecting a material with appropriate strength characteristics is crucial for the safety and integrity of the storage system. By incorporating this constraint, you ensure that the selected material, such as AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel, possesses the necessary mechanical properties to withstand the pressure and prevent any material failures or leaks.

3) Budget Constraint

The budget constraint places a limitation on the cost of the pressurized hydrogen storage system. By including this constraint, you ensure that the optimization model considers the cost-effectiveness of the design. The budget constraint helps in selecting cost-efficient materials and optimizing the geometrical parameters to meet the required specifications while staying within the allocated budget of Rp 500.000. This constraint ensures that the final design is financially feasible and aligns with the available resources.

MATERIAL SELECTION

By carefully considering the materials available for pressurized hydrogen storage, our selection has led us to choose AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel. This decision is rooted in the unique properties and advantages offered by this particular material. Here are some reasons for considering AISI 316 stainless steel for pressurized hydrogen storage:

1) Corrosion Resistance

Hydrogen can cause embrittlement and corrosion in some materials, leading to reduced structural integrity and potential safety hazards. AISI 316 stainless steel offers superior corrosion resistance, particularly in environments with high levels of hydrogen. This property helps ensure the long-term durability and safety of the storage system.

2) Strength and Pressure Resistance

Pressurized hydrogen storage systems require materials with high strength to withstand the internal pressure. AISI 316 stainless steel possesses good mechanical properties, including high tensile strength and yield strength, allowing it to withstand the required pressure levels while maintaining structural integrity.

3) Compatibility with Hydrogen

AISI 316 stainless steel has demonstrated compatibility with hydrogen gas in various studies and practical applications. It exhibits low permeability to hydrogen, reducing the risk of hydrogen loss and ensuring efficient containment within the storage system.

4) Established Industrial Usage

AISI 316 stainless steel is widely used in various industries, including chemical processing, oil and gas, and marine applications. It has a well-established track record and extensive knowledge base regarding its behavior in different environments, making it a trusted material choice for engineering applications.

Geometrical Constraints

Base Geometry

import numpy as np
from scipy.optimize import minimize

# Define the objective function
def objective(x):
    radius, height = x
    surface_area = 2 * np.pi * radius * (radius + height)
    return surface_area

# Define the volume constraint function
def volume_constraint(x):
    radius, height = x
    volume = np.pi * radius**2 * height
    return volume - 1000

# Define the optimization problem
x0 = [1.0, 10.0]
bounds = [(0, None), (0, None)]
constraint = {'type': 'eq', 'fun': volume_constraint}
problem = minimize(objective, x0, bounds=bounds, constraints=constraint)

# Extract the optimized results
optimized_radius = problem.x[0]
optimized_height = problem.x[1]
optimized_surface_area = problem.fun

# Print the optimized results
print("Optimization Results:")
print(f"Radius: {optimized_radius:.2f} cm")
print(f"Height: {optimized_height:.2f} cm")
print(f"Surface Area: {optimized_surface_area:.2f} cm^2")

Material Strength Constraints

Budget Constraints